What Is Tooth Decay?
Tooth decay is a progressive loss of tooth structure that begins when acids — produced by mouth bacteria as they break down sugar — dissolve the tooth enamel. What starts as a small spot on the enamel can advance into the dentin and the tooth nerve over time, causing pain, infection, and tooth loss. Decay caught early is treated with a simple filling, while advanced decay may require root canal treatment.
The Stages of Tooth Decay
- 1. Enamel decay: A white or brown spot on the tooth surface. There is no pain at this stage and it can be halted with fluoride.
- 2. Dentin decay: Decay passes the enamel and reaches the dentin. Hot, cold, and sweet sensitivity begins; a filling is needed.
- 3. Decay reaching the pulp: Decay reaches the tooth nerve (pulp). Severe, throbbing pain appears; root canal treatment is usually required.
- 4. Abscess formation: The infection spreads to the root tip, causing swelling and inflammation.
Symptoms of Tooth Decay
- Sensitivity to hot, cold, or sweet foods
- Constant or intermittent pain in the tooth
- A visible hole or darkening on the tooth surface
- Pain or discomfort when chewing
- An unpleasant taste or odour in the mouth
Early-stage decay often gives no symptoms, which is why six-monthly routine check-ups are so important.
How Is a Filling Done?
1. Examination and Anaesthesia
The size of the decay is determined by clinical examination and, when needed, an X-ray. Before the procedure the area is numbed with local anaesthesia so the patient feels no pain.
2. Removing the Decay
The decayed tissue is completely removed with special burs. Healthy tissue is preserved and only the infected part is taken away.
3. Placing the Filling
The cleaned cavity is filled with a tooth-coloured composite filling material. The composite is placed in layers and hardened with a special light.
4. Shaping and Polishing
The filling is shaped to match the tooth's natural anatomy and bite, then polished. The procedure is usually completed in a single visit.
Types of Fillings
| Filling Type | Advantage | Where Used |
|---|---|---|
| Composite (white) filling | Tooth-coloured, aesthetic | Front and back teeth |
| Inlay / Onlay (porcelain) | Durable, for large losses | Back molars |
| Cervical filling | For wear at the gum line | Tooth neck region |
For teeth with extensive loss of structure, an inlay-onlay or crown may be recommended instead of a filling.
How to Prevent Tooth Decay
- Brush twice a day with fluoride toothpaste
- Floss daily
- Limit sugary and acidic foods and drinks
- See your dentist every six months
- Use fissure sealants and fluoride applications when needed
Frequently Asked Questions
Does tooth decay go away on its own?
No. Decay that has passed the enamel does not heal on its own and continues to progress. Only very early-stage enamel spots can be halted with fluoride.
Is getting a filling painful?
Because the procedure is done under local anaesthesia, no pain is felt. After the anaesthesia wears off there may be brief, mild sensitivity that passes within a few days.
How long does a filling last?
With proper care composite fillings last on average 5–10 years. Regular check-ups and good oral hygiene extend the life of the filling.
What happens if decay progresses?
When decay reaches the tooth nerve a filling is no longer enough; root canal treatment is required. If it advances further it can lead to extraction. This is why early treatment matters.
For tooth decay and filling treatment, visit our treatments page or contact us to request an appointment. Phone: 0216 574 44 44 | WhatsApp: +90 505 766 73 86. You can learn more about the author, Dt. Gorkem Guner, on his profile page.
This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Please consult a qualified dental professional for guidance specific to your clinical situation.